Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份與恢復

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數(shù)據(jù)備份的重要性

在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中，數(shù)據(jù)的安全性是至關(guān)重要的，任何數(shù)據(jù)的丟失都可能產(chǎn)生嚴重的后果
造成數(shù)據(jù)丟失的原因
程序錯誤
人為錯誤（常事）
計算機失敗
磁盤失敗
災難

數(shù)據(jù)庫備份的分類

物理備份
對數(shù)據(jù)庫操作系統(tǒng)的物理文件（如數(shù)據(jù)文件，日志文件等）的本份
物理備份又可以分為脫機備份（冷備份）和聯(lián)機備份（熱備份）
冷備份：實在關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫的時候進行的
熱備份：數(shù)據(jù)庫處于運行狀態(tài)，這種備份方法依賴于數(shù)據(jù)庫的日志文件
邏輯備份：對數(shù)據(jù)庫邏輯組件（如表等數(shù)據(jù)庫對象）的備份
從數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份策略角度，備份可分為
完全備份：每次對數(shù)據(jù)進行完整的備份
差異備份：備份那些自從上次完全備份之后被修改的文件
增量備份：只有那些在上次完全備份或者增量備份后被修改的文件才會被備份
增量備份，第一點在完全備份基礎之上，a,b,c增量修改之后會就b+,c+增量備份。在這兩個文件增量備份之后，再備份修改，b+b+

完全備份

完全備份是對整個數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份，數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu)和文件結(jié)構(gòu)的備份
完全備份保存的是備份完成時刻的數(shù)據(jù)庫
完全備份是增量備份的基礎
完全備份的優(yōu)缺點
優(yōu)點：備份與恢復操作簡單方便
缺點：數(shù)據(jù)存在大量的重復，占用大量的備份空間，備份與恢復時間長

MySQLdump備份庫

Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份可以采用多種方式
直接打包數(shù)據(jù)庫文件夾，如/usr/local/mysal/data
使用專用備份工具mysqldump
mysqldump命令
mysql自帶的備份工具，相當方便對mysql進行備份
通過命令工具可以將指定額庫，表或全部的庫導出為SQL腳本，在需要恢復時可進行數(shù)據(jù)恢復

mysql增量備份

特點
沒有重復數(shù)據(jù)，備份量不大，時間短
恢復麻煩：需要上次完全備份及完全備份之后所有的增量備份才能恢復，而且要對所有增量備份進行逐個反推恢復
可以通過mysql提供的二進制日志（binary logs) 間接實現(xiàn)增量備份

mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫增量恢復

一般恢復
添加數(shù)據(jù)——進行完全備份——錄入新的數(shù)據(jù)——進行增量備份——模擬故障——恢復操作

基于位置恢復
就是將某個起始時間的二進制日志導入數(shù)據(jù)庫中，從而跳過某個發(fā)生錯誤的時間點實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的恢復

基于時間點恢復
使用基于時間點的恢復，可能會出現(xiàn)在一個時間點里既同時存在正確的操作又存在錯誤的操作，所以我們需要一種更為精確的恢復方式

我們先創(chuàng)建一個數(shù)據(jù)庫和表格來做實驗

mysql> create database shcool; #創(chuàng)建shcool庫
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.51 sec)

mysql> use shcool; #進入shcool庫中
Database changed
mysql> create table info (  #創(chuàng)建info表
    -> id int(4) not null primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(10) not null,
    -> score decimal(4,1) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.21 sec)

mysql> desc info; #查看表結(jié)構(gòu)
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(10)  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| score | decimal(4,1) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('stu01',88),('stu02',77); #插入數(shù)據(jù)
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info limit 1; #查看數(shù)據(jù)表的開頭的一行
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit #退出來

完整備份

物理備份

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/
[root@localhost mysql]# ls
bin      COPYING-test  docs     lib  mysqld.pid  mysql.sock.lock  README       share          usr
COPYING  data          include  man  mysql.sock  mysql-test       README-test  support-files
[root@localhost mysql]# cd data/
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf  ib_buffer_pool  ibdata1  ib_logfile0  ib_logfile1  ibtmp1  mysql  performance_schema  shcool  sys
[root@localhost data]# cd shcool/
[root@localhost shcool]# cd ../../
[root@localhost mysql]# tar Jcvf /opt/mysql-$(date +%F).tar.xz /usr/local/mysql/data/
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/usr/local/mysql/data/
/usr/local/mysql/data/ibdata1
/usr/local/mysql/data/ib_logfile1
[root@localhost mysql]# ls /opt/
mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh

邏輯備份

[root@localhost mysql]# cd data/
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -u root -p shcool > /opt/shcool.sql
Enter password: 
[root@localhost data]# ls /opt/
mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  shcool.sql

對多個數(shù)據(jù)庫進行完整性備份

[root@localhost opt]# mysqldump -u root -p123123 --databases shcool mysql > /opt/db_shcool_mysql.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# ls
db_shcool_mysql.sql  mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  shcool.sql

對所有數(shù)據(jù)庫進行備份

[root@localhost opt]# mysqldump -u root -p123123 --opt --all-databases > /opt/all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost opt]# ls
all.sql  db_shcool_mysql.sql  mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  shcool.sql

針對某一張表進行備份

[root@localhost opt]# mysqldump -u root -p123123 shcool info > /opt/shcool_info.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

對某張表的結(jié)構(gòu)進行備份

[root@localhost opt]# mysqldump -u root -p123123 -d shcool info > /opt/shcool_info_secret.sql

完整備份恢復

mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> source /opt/shcool.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_shcool |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在控制臺下恢復數(shù)據(jù)庫

mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123 shcool < /opt/shcool.sql 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

進數(shù)據(jù)庫去驗證一下

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123

mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_shcool |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

增量備份和恢復

我們先把原來的刪掉

[root@localhost opt]# rm -rf *.sql
[root@localhost opt]# ls
mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh

先要開啟二進制日志文件

[root@localhost opt]# vim /etc/my.cnf

我們在[mysqld]區(qū)域中加上這一行開啟二進制日志文件

log-bin=mysql-bin

[root@localhost opt]# systemctl restart mysqld.service 
[root@localhost opt]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data/
[root@localhost data]# ls
auto.cnf        ibdata1      ib_logfile1  mysql             mysql-bin.index     shcool
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile0  ibtmp1       mysql-bin.000001  performance_schema  sys
[root@localhost data]# mysqldump -u root -p123123 shcool > /opt/shcool.sql #增量備份是建立在完整備份的基礎上
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost data]# ls /opt/
mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  shcool.sql
[root@localhost data]# mysqladmin -uroot -p123123 flush-logs  #產(chǎn)生增量備份的日志文件
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost data]# ls #02就是我們的二進制日志文件，你接下來的操作會生成到02當中
auto.cnf        ibdata1      ib_logfile1  mysql             mysql-bin.000002  performance_schema  sys
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile0  ibtmp1       mysql-bin.000001  mysql-bin.index   shcool

[root@localhost data]# mysql -u root -p123123

mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('test01',66); #正常插入數(shù)據(jù)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> delete from info where name='stu01'; #這是一個誤操作，我們不小心刪了一行數(shù)據(jù)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('test02',99); #正常插入數(shù)據(jù)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name   | score |
+----+--------+-------+
|  2 | stu02  |  77.0 |
|  3 | test01 |  66.0 |
|  4 | test02 |  99.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我們想恢復stu01數(shù)據(jù)，它正好在兩條正常的操作語句中間

[root@localhost data]# mysqladmin -uroot -p123123 flush-logs 
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost data]# ls #我們剛才所有的操作都在02中包括誤操作
auto.cnf        ibdata1      ib_logfile1  mysql             mysql-bin.000002  mysql-bin.index     shcool
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile0  ibtmp1       mysql-bin.000001  mysql-bin.000003  performance_schema  sys
[root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v mysql-bin.000002 > /opt/bak.txt
要用64解碼器輸出，按行進行讀取，顯示出來生成到bak.txt文件中
[root@localhost data]# cd /opt/
[root@localhost opt]# ls
bak.txt  mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  shcool.sql
以時間點進行恢復

去日志文件中找到刪除的那條語句，把時間寫下來

191124 19:18:21    --stop-datetime 代表從日志文件頭部操作開始到這個時間點，后面不在執(zhí)行操作
191124 19:18:33    --start-datatime 代表從這個時間點開始繼續(xù)進行操作

我們進數(shù)據(jù)庫先不進行時間點的恢復，我們嘗試一下增量備份的恢復

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123
mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from info;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'shcool.info' doesn't exist
mysql> source /opt/shcool.sql;
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_shcool |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

第一個時間點恢復，我們那個時間點有一個插入了一行數(shù)據(jù)

[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-datetime='2019-11-24 19:18:21' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p123123

我們?nèi)?shù)據(jù)庫驗證一下

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123

mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name   | score |
+----+--------+-------+
|  1 | stu01  |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02  |  77.0 |
|  3 | test01 |  66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit

第二個時間點恢復，我們等于跳過我們之前的誤操作

[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-datetime='2019-11-24 19:18:33' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p123123

我們再去數(shù)據(jù)庫驗證一下

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123
mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name   | score |
+----+--------+-------+
|  1 | stu01  |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02  |  77.0 |
|  3 | test01 |  66.0 |
|  4 | test02 |  99.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

按照at位置恢復

先進行誤操作把test的刪掉

mysql> delete from info where name='test01';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from info where name='test02';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@localhost opt]# cd /opt/
[root@localhost opt]# ls
bak.txt  mysql-2019-11-24.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  shcool.sql
[root@localhost opt]# vim bak.txt 

at 568  --stop-position   #跟前面一樣，568是從日志頭部到568結(jié)束
at 672  --start-position  #從672開始到結(jié)束

568位置恢復

[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-position='568' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p123123mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

我們?nèi)?shù)據(jù)庫驗證一下

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123
mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name   | score |
+----+--------+-------+
|  1 | stu01  |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02  |  77.0 |
|  3 | test01 |  66.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

672位置恢復，就跳過了我們之前的誤操作

[root@localhost opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-position='672' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -u root -p123123

再去數(shù)據(jù)庫驗證一下

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -u root -p123123
mysql> use shcool;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed

mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+
| id | name   | score |
+----+--------+-------+
|  1 | stu01  |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02  |  77.0 |
|  3 | test01 |  66.0 |
|  4 | test02 |  99.0 |
+----+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以上就是我們?nèi)康膬?nèi)容了，謝謝收看

分享名稱：Mysql數(shù)據(jù)庫的備份與恢復
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