UNIX/Linux系統(tǒng)管理技術(shù)手冊(cè)閱讀（四）-創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)

2016.8.14 21:40-22:10
1.3 FRICTION BETWEEN UNIX AND LINUX
1.3 UNIX和Linux之間的摩擦
 Because they are similar, this book covers both UNIX and Linux systems. Unfortunately, mentioning UNIX and Linux together in the same sentence can sometimes be like stepping into a political minefield, or perhaps blundering into a large patch of quicksand. But since the relationship between UNIX and Linux seems to engender some confusion as well as animosity, it’s hard to avoid staking out a position. Here is our perspective and our short version of the facts.
 因?yàn)閁NIX和Linux系統(tǒng)頗為相似，所以本書(shū)會(huì)同時(shí)講解這兩種系統(tǒng)的管理。遺憾的是，在一句話里同時(shí)用UNIX和Linux這兩個(gè)稱謂，就仿佛一腳踏入了政治漩渦，或許也像是陷入了一大片泥潭。不過(guò)，既然UNIX和Linux之間的關(guān)系似乎呈現(xiàn)出某些混淆和沖突，所以要避開(kāi)不談我們的立場(chǎng)也比較困難。下面是我們的觀點(diǎn)，還有我們對(duì)事實(shí)的簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明。
 Linux is a reimplementation and elaboration of the UNIX kernel. It conforms to the POSIX standard, runs on several hardware platforms, and is compatible with most existing UNIX software. It differs from many—but not all—variants of UNIX in that it is free, open source, and cooperatively developed. Linux includes technical advances that did not exist in UNIX, so it is more than just a UNIX clone. At the same time, traditional UNIX vendors have continued to refine their systems, so there are certainly areas in which commercial UNIX systems are superior to Linux.
 Linux重新實(shí)現(xiàn)并優(yōu)化了UNIX內(nèi)核。Linux遵循POSIX標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，能夠在幾種硬件平臺(tái)上運(yùn)行，兼容現(xiàn)有的大多數(shù)UNIX軟件。它同大多數(shù)（但不是全部）別的UNIX變體不一樣，區(qū)別之處在于，它是自由的，開(kāi)放源代碼的，而且是由成百上千不同的個(gè)人和組織無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)協(xié)同開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的。與此同時(shí)，傳統(tǒng)的UNIX廠商則繼續(xù)改善自己的系統(tǒng)，所以肯定存在一些領(lǐng)域，在這些領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，商業(yè)UNIX系統(tǒng)比Linux強(qiáng)。
 Whatever the relative merits of the systems, Linux is a legally, developmentally, and historically distinct entity that cannot properly be referred to as “UNIX” or as a “version of UNIX.” To do so is to slight the work and innovation of the Linux community. At the same time, it’s somewhat misleading to insist that Linux is “not UNIX.” If your creation walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, you may have invented a duck.
 無(wú)論兩種系統(tǒng)有什么相對(duì)而言的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，Linux從法律上、從開(kāi)發(fā)上以及從歷史上看，都和UNIX有著明顯的區(qū)別，因此不能把Linux稱為UNIX，或者UNIX的一種版本。這樣做會(huì)忽視Linux社區(qū)所做的工作和創(chuàng)新。同時(shí)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)inux不是UNIX的話，又會(huì)有點(diǎn)誤導(dǎo)性。如果做出來(lái)的東西走路像鴨子，叫起來(lái)也像鴨子，那或許可以說(shuō)，造的就是鴨子！這是的意思是，不能因?yàn)長(zhǎng)inux像UNIX，就把Linux當(dāng)成UNIX。

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2016.8.15 15:20-16:20
 Schisms exist even within the Linux camp. It has been argued, with some justification, that referring to Linux distributions simply as “Linux” fails to acknowledge the work that went into the software that runs outside the kernel (which in fact constitutes the vast majority of software on an average system). Unfortunately, the most commonly suggested alternative, GNU/Linux, has its own political baggage and has been officially endorsed only by the Debian distribution. The Wikipedia entry for “GNU/Linux naming controversy” outlines the arguments on both sides.1 Interestingly, the use of open source software is now predominant even on most UNIX systems, but no one seems to be pushing for a GNU/UNIX designation just yet.
 即便在Linux陣營(yíng)里也存在分歧。有人舉證說(shuō)，把Linux發(fā)行版簡(jiǎn)稱為“Linux”，那么開(kāi)發(fā)人員在內(nèi)核這外運(yùn)行的那些軟件（在一般系統(tǒng)上實(shí)際是很大一部分軟件）上投入工作，就沒(méi)得到承認(rèn)。偏偏不巧，最常推薦的替代稱謂“GNU/Linux”也有其自己的政治包袱，所以只有Debian這個(gè)發(fā)行版才正式采用它。維基百科上有關(guān)“GNU/Linux命名爭(zhēng)議”的條目列舉出了爭(zhēng)執(zhí)雙方的論點(diǎn)。有意思的是，現(xiàn)如今，甚至在大多數(shù)UNIX系統(tǒng)上，也是開(kāi)源軟件的使用占據(jù)主導(dǎo)，但還沒(méi)有人提“GNU/Linux”這樣的說(shuō)法。
 Linux software is UNIX software. Thanks largely to the GNU Project, most of the important software that gives UNIX systems their value has been developed under some form of open source model The same code runs on Linux and nonLinux systems. The Apache web server, for example, doesn’t much care whether it’s running on Linux or Solaris. From the standpoint of applications and most administrative software, Linux is simply one of the best-supported and most widely available varieties of UNIX.
 Linux軟件就是UNIX軟件。多虧了GNU計(jì)劃，使UNIX系統(tǒng)更富價(jià)值的重要軟件大多都以某種開(kāi)源源代碼的形式被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)。在Linux和非Linux系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行的代碼是相同的。比如說(shuō)：Web服務(wù)器Apache儼然不在意它是在Linux上還是在HP-UX上運(yùn)行。從應(yīng)用軟件的角色來(lái)看，Linux只不過(guò)是得到最好支持的UNIX變體之一罷了。
 It’s also worth noting that Linux is not the only free UNIX-like operating system in the world. OpenSolaris is free and open source, although its exact licensing terms have earned suspicious looks from some open source purists. FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD—all offshoots of the Berkeley Software Distribution from UC Berkeley—have ardent followers of their own. These OSes are generally comparable to Linux in their features and reliability, although they enjoy somewhat less support from third-party software vendors.
 另外還值得一提的是，Linux不是現(xiàn)今世界唯一的自由UNIX版本。OpenSolaris系統(tǒng)也是自由和開(kāi)源的，雖然在某些講求純開(kāi)源的人眼里來(lái)看，它的許可證條款存有疑點(diǎn)。FreeBSD、NetBSD和OpenBSD--都是從UC Berkeley（加州大學(xué)伯克利分校）的BSD（伯克利軟件發(fā)布，即Berkeley Software Distribution）發(fā)展而來(lái)的分支--都有其各自的熱誠(chéng)追隨者。雖然這些操作系統(tǒng)從第三方軟件廠商得到的支持有點(diǎn)少，但它們?cè)诠δ芎涂煽啃陨蠀s往往可以同Linux相媲美。
 UNIX and Linux systems have both been used in production environments for many years, and they both work well At this point, the choice between them has more to do with packaging, support, and institutional inertia than any real difference in quality or modernity.
 UNIX和Linux系統(tǒng)用于生產(chǎn)環(huán)境已經(jīng)有許多年了，而且它們都表現(xiàn)不錯(cuò)?，F(xiàn)在要在它們之間做出選擇，更多考慮的是軟件打包機(jī)制、能獲得的支持以及使用習(xí)慣的惰性，而不是品質(zhì)或者成熟度實(shí)際有什么樣的差別。
 In this book, comments about “Linux” generally apply to Linux distributions but not to traditional UNIX variants. The meaning of “UNIX” is a bit more fluid, as we occasionally apply it to attributes shared by all UNIX derivatives, including Linux (e.g., “UNIX file permissions”). To avoid ambiguity, we usually say “UNIX and Linux” when we mean both.
 本書(shū)對(duì)“Linux”的評(píng)論一般也都適用于各種Linux發(fā)行版本，但不適用于傳統(tǒng)的UNIX變體?！癠NIX”的含義稍有點(diǎn)兒多變，因?yàn)槲覀兣紶栆矔?huì)用在包括Linux在內(nèi)的所有UNIX變體所共有的屬性上（例如，“UNIX文件權(quán)限”）。為了避免混淆，在想表達(dá)二者都有的情況下，我們通常說(shuō)“UNIX和Linux”。

2016.8.16 16:50-17:20

1.4 LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS

1.4 Linux的發(fā)行版本

 All Linux distributions share the same kernel lineage, but the ancillary materials

that go along with that kernel can vary quite a bit. Distributions vary in their

focus, support, and popularity. There continue to be hundreds of independent Linux distributions, but our sense is that distributions based on the Debian, Red Hat, and SUSE lineages will continue to predominate in production environments over the next five years.

 所有的Linux發(fā)行版本共享相同的內(nèi)核源，但是和內(nèi)核一起的輔助軟件則隨著發(fā)行版本的不同而有很大不同。各發(fā)行版本在其側(cè)重點(diǎn)、支持和流行程度上有所不同。獨(dú)立的Linux發(fā)行版本在數(shù)據(jù)上仍然有數(shù)百種之多，但是我們覺(jué)得，未來(lái)5年內(nèi)，基于Debian,Red Hat和SUSE源的那些發(fā)行版本將在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位。

 The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,

it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each

claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux distributions.

 各種Linux發(fā)行版本之間存在差別，但是差別沒(méi)有大到遠(yuǎn)隔千山萬(wàn)水的地步。實(shí)際上，為什么會(huì)有這么多不同的發(fā)行版本，而每種發(fā)行版本都把“易于安裝”和“海量軟件庫(kù)”作為其特色來(lái)宣傳，這就挺難解釋的。于是難免會(huì)得出這樣的結(jié)論，人們只是喜歡“做”出新的Linux發(fā)行版而已。

 Many smaller distributions are surprisingly competitive in terms of fit and finish.

All major distributions, including the second tier, include a relatively painless installation procedure, a well-tuned desktop environment, and some form of package management. Most distributions also allow you to boot from the distribution DVD, which can be handy for debugging and is also a nice way to take a quick look at a new distribution you are considering.

 許多較小的發(fā)行版本在成熟度和完善性方面極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。所有的主流發(fā)行版本，包括二線的發(fā)行版本，都有相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)便的安裝步驟、調(diào)配良好的桌面環(huán)境，以及某種形式的軟件包管理機(jī)制。大多數(shù)發(fā)行版還可以讓用戶從DVD光盤(pán)上直接啟動(dòng)，這對(duì)于調(diào)試來(lái)說(shuō)很方便，而且還是一種對(duì)關(guān)注的新發(fā)行版很快了解的好辦法。

 Since our focus in this book is the management of large-scale installations, we’re

partial to distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux that take into account

the management of networks of machines. Some distributions are designed with

production environments in mind, and others are not. The extra crumbs of assistance that the production-oriented systems toss out can make a significant difference in ease of administration.

 既然我們?cè)诒緯?shū)中所關(guān)注的是大規(guī)模安裝的管理問(wèn)題，那么我們就會(huì)側(cè)重考慮像RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）這樣用于管理計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)行版本。有些發(fā)行版本的設(shè)計(jì)考慮到了生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，其他的發(fā)行版則沒(méi)有。面向生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的系統(tǒng)所提供的額外支持功能，對(duì)于方便系統(tǒng)管理工作來(lái)說(shuō)，帶來(lái)了巨大的不同。

 When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.

  當(dāng)用戶采用了一種發(fā)行版之后，就是在某個(gè)特定發(fā)行商的做事方式上進(jìn)行投資。不要只看到軟件安裝以后的功能，而是要明知地考慮到，自己的單位和那家發(fā)行商要在未來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)年里共事。

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文章名稱：UNIX/Linux系統(tǒng)管理技術(shù)手冊(cè)閱讀（四）-創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)
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